WALRUS,
common
name for a
large, marine
mammal
constituting
the family
Odobenidae,
of the order
Pinnipedia,
which also
includes the
seals (see
SEAL). Two
subspecies of
the walrus
exist: the
Atlantic
walrus,
Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus; and the Pacific walrus, O. rosmarus divergens.
Both
are found in the Arctic regions at the edge of the polar ice along the
northeastern
coast of Siberia, the northwestern coast of Alaska, Greenland, and Ellesmere
Island.
Like eared seals, walruses can turn their hind limbs forward and thus use
all four
limbs in moving when ashore. Male walruses, which are larger than the females,
average about 3 m (about 10 ft) in length and weigh more than 900 kg (more
than
2000 lb). Both the male and female have a massive body with thick, wrinkled,
nearly
hairless skin. Both have a relatively small head with no external ears,
a broad,
bristled muzzle, and enormously elongated upper canine teeth forming heavy
tusks.
The tusks, approximately 1 m (approximately 3 ft) long in some males, are
used to
rake the ocean bottom for mollusks and shellfish, which constitute the
principal food
of the walrus; they are also used as weapons in fighting and as hooks in
climbing
on the ice. The Pacific walrus differs from the Atlantic subspecies in
that its nostrils
are more laterally located and are not visible when the animal is viewed
from the
front.
Walruses are highly social animals, congregating in herds?sometimes numbering
more than 100 animals?on or near the shore or among the ice floes. The
bellowing
of a herd can be heard for great distances. Walruses are gentle unless
attacked;
the whole herd will come to the defense of a member in danger. Polar bears
are the
chief natural predator of the walrus, and humans hunt the animal for its
valuable
ivory tusks and for its flesh and blubber. Excessive hunting has reduced
the world
population sharply.
|